Partizip I & Partizip II

• Partizip I and Partizip II are two special forms of verbs that can function as adjectives or be used in various grammatical structures.
• They can serve as attributes (modifying nouns), form perfect tenses, passive voice, or replace relative clauses.

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1️⃣ Concept: Adjective Attribute (Adjektiv-Attribut)

• An adjective attribute modifies a noun in the sentence.
• It stands before the noun and must agree in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, plural), and case (Kasus).

Example:

• Das große Haus steht am Fluss.
  (The big house is by the river.)

• Die freundliche Lehrerin hilft den Schülern.
  (The friendly teacher helps the students.)

Note:

• The adjective attribute always precedes the noun and takes the appropriate ending.

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2️⃣ Concept: Participle Attribute (Partizip-Attribut)

• A participle attribute is a special form of adjective attribute where Partizip I or Partizip II is used to modify the noun.
• It describes a characteristic of the noun, like an adjective.

Example:

• Das lachende Kind spielt im Garten.
  (The laughing child plays in the garden.) (Partizip I: describes an ongoing action.)

• Das gebaute Haus ist sehr modern.
  (The built house is very modern.) (Partizip II: describes a completed action.)

Note:

• Partizip I → ongoing action
• Partizip II → completed action

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3️⃣ Partizip I (Present Participle)

🔹 3.1. How to form Partizip I

Formula:

Verb stem + -d

Example:

Infinitive	Partizip I
lachen (to laugh)	lachend (laughing)
arbeiten (to work)	arbeitend (working)
schlafen (to sleep)	schlafend (sleeping)

Note:

• Partizip I does not change with tense.

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🔹 3.2. How to use Partizip I

1️⃣ As an adjective (Partizip-Attribut)

Example:

• Der lachende Mann ist mein Bruder.
  (The laughing man is my brother.)

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2️⃣ To replace a relative clause

Example:

• Der Mann, der lacht, ist mein Bruder.
  (The man who is laughing is my brother.)

• Der lachende Mann ist mein Bruder.
  (The laughing man is my brother.)

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3️⃣ In participle phrases

Example:

• Singend ging er die Straße entlang.
  (Singing, he walked along the street.)

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🔹 3.3. Tense of Partizip I

• Partizip I always expresses an ongoing action (no past or future form).

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🔹 3.4. Special case: Gerundivum (necessity)

• Die zu reparierende Maschine
  (The machine that needs to be repaired.)

Note:

• Use "zu + Partizip I" to express something that must be done.

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4️⃣ Partizip II (Past Participle)

🔹 4.1. How to form Partizip II

Formula:

ge + verb stem + -(e)t/en

Example:

Infinitive	Partizip II
lachen (to laugh)	gelacht (laughed)
arbeiten (to work)	gearbeitet (worked)
schlafen (to sleep)	geschlafen (slept)

Note:

• Strong verbs change their stem (e.g., sehen → gesehen).

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🔹 4.2. How to use Partizip II

1️⃣ As an adjective (Partizip-Attribut)

• Das gekochte Essen ist lecker.
  (The cooked food is tasty.)

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2️⃣ In the passive voice

• Das Auto wurde repariert.
  (The car was repaired.)

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3️⃣ In perfect tenses

• Ich habe das Buch gelesen.
  (I have read the book.)

• Er hatte das Essen gekocht.
  (He had cooked the meal.)

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🔹 4.3. Tense of Partizip II

• Always expresses a completed action (no present or future form).

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🔹 4.4. Special case: Verbs of change of state

Example:

• Ich bin eingeschlafen.
  (I fell asleep.)

• Das Wasser ist gefroren.
  (The water froze.)

Note:

• These verbs describe change from one state to another and use "sein" in the perfect tense.

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✅ Summary: Key points

примечание

• Partizip I expresses an ongoing action.
• Partizip II expresses a completed action.
• Both can be used as adjectives or to replace relative clauses.
• Partizip II is used in the passive voice and perfect tenses.